The arithmetic gets better and better

Over at WSJ marketbeat, they report on Goldman Sachs' latest thinking re the Greek restructuring. They seem to have concluded that the proposed 50% haircut is not enough to return Greece to debt sustainability:

In our view the key problem lies with the structure of the PSI itself, namely the insistence on a 50% reduction in face value for bond holders. From an investor’s perspective, a 50% haircut reduces both the final payment but also the coupon payment. Thus the impact on the NPV of the bond is much larger than 50%. The voluntary nature of the deal assumes some incentive for investors. Thus, the IIF have suggested an increase in coupons for the new bonds in order for investors to be compensated in terms of cash flows at least.

 The problem, of course, would be that this by itself undermines sustainability -- higher coupon payments mean bigger deficits. As GS points out, what Greece needs is the exact opposite: lower coupon payments right now, so that the worst of austerity can be undone. Once growth resumes, and interest rates fall a bit, sustainability will look a lot better quite quickly. I guess there is something not altogether great about thinking up restructuring rules as a fly-by-night operation between a handful of overwrought, half-numerate politicos... 

decision time

In August, I gave an interview to Der Spiegel, saying that the Euro can't last another 5 years in its current form. At the time, many people thought I was nuts. Now, some 3 months later, it looks as if the beginning of the end is near. Yields on AAA-countries like Austria are moving up. Bloomberg reports that Spanish 10-year yields are now above 7%. That's not a catastrophe just yet - Spain can pay a bit more interest, and the debt profile isn't that short-term. But if it lasts any length of time, this is going to be very painful: Higher interest rates mean that the country will need more austerity measures to keep the future debt path under control; output will fall yet further; yields may increase even more. It's now abundantly clear that the last rescue package was a disaster on a monumental scale - forcing a 50% haircut on the private creditors felt good, but now everyone is asking who will be next. If all the promises over Greece were worthless, is the same true for Spain and Italy? Of course; they are too big to rescue outright. The only solution is to convince the markets to keep buying. It's a confidence trick that makes the markets work; once confidence goes, the spreads explode. The more people worry, the higher the yields, the higher the collateral requirements, the weaker the banks.

As the ECB tried to tell politicians for the last year - sovereign bonds are too important as a risk-free asset in the financial system to mess with them. The only solution now, to avoid defaults of Spain and Italy in the near future, is to offer a blanket guarantee of all existing EU debt, incl. Greece; undo the haircut on Greek bondholders; and introduce unlimited bond-buying by the ECB. I won't like it any more than the average German, but there is really no alternative short of a wholesale implosion of the weaker Eurozone economies.  

a fist full of billions

So the EU finally tried to get "ahead of the curve", and announced the mother of all bailouts -- a cool 750 bn € or so, but who is counting? Speculators, so the official line, caused the markets for sovereign debt to be dysfunctional. That is why the EU offered massive credit lines to Southern Europe, and the ECB is now buying bonds by sovereigns whose debt wasn't worth a great deal a week ago. As a quid pro quo, the countries in question - Spain, Greece, Portugal - are making a big show of tightening their belts, including wage cuts for civil servants, etc. What do we make of this?

The first thing to note is the German reaction. It is a little hard to communicate to people who only speak English that the poor, naive Klutzes in former Deutschmarkland actually believed in the "rules" -- no bailouts, the Euro as stable as the DM, etc. The FT was recently making fun of Germans being a little literal-minded. That may be true, but is hard to overstate the consequences of last week's events. In the minds of many Germans, this is the beginning of the end of the Euro, nothing less. It is not what they were promised, it was a lousy deal in which they gave up something they cherished - the DM - for little more than empty promises of budgetary probity and worthless paper bonds. The idea that there is "no alternative" (Merkel's pitch to the German public re the bailout) is not convincing anyone. I expect that some parties are going to try and make hay of this, or that the constitutional court will actually declare the bailout package illegal.

The arch-conservative FAZ, a daily newspaper that is as close to the CDU as the Times of old used to be to the Queen, just published a fictitious retrospective about the demise of the Euro, with 2010 as the turning point. Their idea - it won't take beyond 2013 to get there. Is it going to happen? Nobody can be sure, but I would say that the probability of an exit of Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy has gone from 2% to 20% within the next 10 years within a week. Current austerity measures will make the recessions there much more painful; and before long, governments will be tired of budget cuts, strikes, and general unhappiness. The Great Depression ended when countries cut the link with gold, and the earlier they did it, the better they fared. The same will be true -- getting out of the Euro will be a god-sent for these countries, provided they can escape with their banking systems intact.

Me? Worried? About Spanish banks?

My bank in Spain has recently been unusually friendly and generous. Normally, they are happy to pay me 0% interest for the balances I keep. Now, as I was asking for a routine transfer to my other account in Germany, I got a phone call - and a bit of a surprise. How about, said the friendly branch manager, 4% if you keep it here? No? How about 4.5%? No? Did the Germans offer more? What can we do to keep it? Shall we meet in person? Wow. I am so friendly with my local branch, I have actually never met my branch manager. So this was starting to sound a bit funny. I don't keep balances the withdrawal of which will threaten the survival of this bank (or any other) single-handedly, so this particular, keen advisor got me worried... but checking a bit, it seems to be a general thing. Spanish banks are effectively finding it very hard to borrow in wholesale markets; private banking clients are pulling their money out bigtime, and putting it into stable core countries; and every bank and caja is now offering 4% term deposits, which is a pretty amazing rate given that Euribor is just a touch over 1%. Now Moody's has published a small note on contagion risk from the Greek crisis for Spanish and Portuguese banks. Given that they are rapidly becoming real estate investment trusts with a banking business attached, trying to sell millions of repossessed homes, there were plenty of fundamental problems to worry about. Now, we have something similar to a bank run in the bond issuance building up. Actually, while I have no particularly insight into how the balance sheets of Spanish banks look, I think I'd rather be safe than sorry, and send a bit more dough back home...

Next stop, Portugal?

Simon Johnson and Peter Boone have some interesting things to say, thinking through the implications of the recent aid package to Greece (Baseline Scenario). They basically see the incentives firmly in favor of moral hazard throughout the Euro zone... nobody will want to tighten after the EU underwrote Greek profligacy (and after the spineless ECB decided to take Greek bonds as collateral no matter what their quality). Funny thing is, where is the rally in bond prices? After a brief pop, Greek bonds have been trading down again. Financial markets, as we all know, love a good bailout. Now that the EU has finally committed to rescuing the irresponsible, what is there to worry about?